Privilege escalation is a cybersecurity attack that allows an attacker to gain unauthorized access to a system or network. Attackers can exploit vulnerabilities in software, operating systems, or configurations to gain higher privileges than they were originally granted. This can give them access to sensitive data, control over systems, or the ability to disrupt operations.
There are two main types of privilege escalation:
Horizontal privilege escalation: This involves moving between users with the same level of access. For example, an attacker might exploit a vulnerability in a web application to gain access to another user's account.
Vertical privilege escalation: This involves gaining access to a higher level of access, such as root or administrator. For example, an attacker might exploit a vulnerability in the operating system to gain root privileges.
Attackers can use privilege escalation to achieve a variety of goals, including:
Stealing data: Once an attacker has gained higher privileges, they can steal sensitive data, such as financial information, personal records, or intellectual property.
Taking control of systems: Attackers can use their elevated privileges to take control of systems, such as servers or workstations. This can allow them to disrupt operations, install malware, or launch further attacks.
Disrupting operations: Attackers can use privilege escalation to disrupt operations, such as by taking down websites or applications.
How to prevent privilege escalation
There are a number of things that organizations can do to prevent privilege escalation, including:
Educating users: Users should be aware of the risks of privilege escalation and how to protect themselves. This includes using strong passwords, not clicking on suspicious links, and reporting suspicious activity.
Requiring strong passwords: Organizations should require users to use strong passwords that are at least 12 characters long and include a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols.
Updating software regularly: Organizations should keep their software up to date with the latest security patches. This includes operating systems, applications, and firmware.
Implementing least privilege: Organizations should implement the principle of least privilege, which means that users should only be given the privileges they need to do their jobs.
Monitoring for suspicious activity: Organizations should monitor their systems for suspicious activity, such as attempts to exploit vulnerabilities or gain unauthorized access.